This essay tries to study the context of rise, establishment, developments and social and class status of Jamiyate Fadaian-Islam on the basis of documents & oral history of them in the Iran's documentary archives. The main hypothesis of this study is Jamiyate fadaian- Islam was a new community in Iran & has critical criticism to conservatism of Hoze-haye-elmiye & cultural reforms of Reza shah.Members of this community consisted of market shop-boys, young clergymen & loutiha. The average of their age was 21. They rose from hayat-haye-mazhabi (religious associations) & finally were dissolved in them. Their documents & investigation files, make available new narratives that are different from others.

As the primary scholarly reference for Western researchers delving into the Quran, Islamic studies, and the lives of prophets and imams, the Encyclopaedia of Islam is invaluable. Nonetheless, a thorough evaluation of the articles and research contained within is essential to determining their credibility and scholarly consistency. studying and examining the works of Orientalists about the Qur'an, Islamic sciences, and teachings is an undeniable thing for Muslims. Considering the position of Imam Ali (AS) as the first Imam of the Shias and his superior position in the beliefs of the Shias, orientalists have studied various aspects of his life in their studies and have presented two completely different points of view: A positive and optimistic perspective resulting from Western scholars' study of authoritative texts that explains and praises His scientific approach to interpretation, law, politics, jurisprudence, rhetoric, and more. The negative perspective resulting from a biased viewpoint and the failure to utilise authentic Muslim sources ultimately leading to skeptical opinions regarding the exalted character of Imam Ali (AS). The majority of the articles in this book stem from the intellectual efforts of Western researchers, but regrettably, their lack of access to reference sources has resulted in serious errors. In this research, using the library method through an analytical and critical approach, we will examine the work of Robert Gleave, an impartial and positive orientalist, about Imam Ali (AS) and then examine and criticize the doubts raised by him. In conclusion, the results of the research indicated that Orientalists' lack of access to authentic Islamic sources, coupled with their prejudice and partiality, led to their inability to correctly introduce this Imam to Western society.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable models for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.

Purpose: the present paper compares two reference books the Encyclopedia World of Islam & Encyclopedia of Islam– Leiden with regard to the whole process of compiling the encyclopedia, and to conduct an evaluative content analysis . Methodology: This is a comparative survey and a study of content analysis. The data collection tool in the comparative survey section is a questionnaire, and in the content analysis section it is the note taking method together with the Daricheh software package. The statistical population of this study consists of are ‏115 faculty members of the Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation together with all of the entries from these two reference books. The gathered data has been analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: The highest number of entries in both resources is related to geographical, historical, and language & literature topics. According to the T-test used in evaluating indexes/indicators of the procedures of compiling encyclopedias, in most cases indexes/indicators appear to be in an acceptable status/range i.e. all of the indexes/indicators in both resources have been addressed properly, but for the "author" index/indicator a middle or even very low status is observed in the Encyclopedia world of Islam. The status for the two indexes/indicators of "citation" and "edition" in the Encyclopedia world of Islam is higher than that in the Encyclopedia of Islam. Furthermore, the status of other indexes/ indicators including "entry", "author", "publication" and "compilation and translation" in the Encyclopedia of Islam is higher than in the Encyclopedia world of Islam. Originality/value: A aspects of the compilation process within encyclopedias from the same field are rarely evaluated and compared. The result is that some of the differences and similarities are undefined for the readers. The results of the present study could clarify some of the aspects for their readers and relevant organizations.

Background: Hydatidosis is one of the most important parasitic zoonosis, which is endemic in Iran like many other countries. However, no comprehensive data are available about its prevalence rate, especially in Zanjan. Awareness of epidemiological aspects of the disease is of great value in prevention and control of the infection. In this regard the present study was carried out for seroepidemiology of human hydatidosis in Zanjan (Islam-Abad area). Materials and Methods: A total of 2367 serum samples out of 1000 families were collected from over 2 years of age, population of Islam-Abad through randomized clustered method during 2002. Hydatid fluid antigen was prepared from sheep livers and lungs infected with hydatid cysts. Using this antigen, all serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA. Data were analyzed by T-test and Chi- Square. Results: Out of 2367 tested sera, 71(3%) samples were positive. Positive rate among age groups was not statistically different, as the highest rate belonged to 10-19 and 20-29 years old with 3.6% and 3.3%, respectively. Infection rate was low at the ages over 50 years old. Positive rate in males and females were 2.7% and 3.2%, respectively. Moreover, no correlation was seen between positive rate and education of the population. Conclusion: Regarding remarkable prevalence of positive cases among this population like other regions of country, prevention and control of the disease should be considered as one of the health priorities in this area. Moreover, for identification of transmission routes and infection sources, more studies are recommended.

One of the demands of our society after the Islamic Revolution was establishment of Islamic values in all aspects of society, especially in area of management decisions. A review of literature teaches about management and its principles shows the resource for Japanese and western teachings of this area. In Iran, in most cases in practice, priority is placed on executives Islamic society organizations. This research was qualitative approach using content analysis to compare the management principles of Islam and Japan. As a result of studying the Quran and the Prophet (pbuh) and the infallible Imams (AS), especially Nahj al-Amiralmomenin, points raised in the principles of management, including planning, decision making, organizing, coordinating, monitoring and communication requirements, which applying by introducing them to the Muslim community organizations provide assistance in policy...